A clay pipe found in Adams Co. Mississippi, near Natchez. Simple L pipe design is commonly used in the South Eastern Mound Building complex. (Brown, Figure 189).

Earthenware pipe from the mound at George Lake, Mississippi. Clarence B. Moore found the pipe, and describes the pipe as a wolf or a dog. From the dimensions of the body compared with the form of the head the effigy the pipe illustrates a effigy I would describe as a bear. This is normally the top of the clan structure, and the highest spirit animal other than eagle. (Brown, Figure 207).

Clay Pipe from a mound in Coahoma County, Mississippi. This artifact was found by Hon. J. L. Alcorn. The author denotes this pipe to be a bear. I would say from the crouching hips, Straight for legs, the mane around the head, and the straight ears would describe a wolf. The eye patches, and the nose markings would also suggest wolf. This pipe is a dual stem pipe. The Author suggests that this is a marriage pipe, and compares it to a European custom. As the Native American people have no idea of European custom during this time period I would suggest that the pipe is a clan, or ceremonial pipe. (Brown, Figure 208).

This pipe is from the are around Natchez area, and belongs to the Perrault collection. This pipe resembles those found in Tennessee, and Kentucky. This is a discoidal style pipe. (Brown, Figure 203).

This pipe is from the Natchez area. No mound is identified, or mentioned. It is part of the Perrault collection. The pipe denotes the circle used to represent creation at the stem end, and at circle at the pipe bowl also represents the same circle of creation. The forward portion of the pipe had the hint of a platform. L pipes normally do not use a platform design. (Brown, Figure 203).

This pipe was found in Coahoma County, near Clarksdale Mississippi. This artifact is part of the collection held by Mr. Charles W. Clark. The author states that this pipe is a representation of a foot and relates it to others found like it in nature in Tennessee. The foot and hand motifs are normal for both the Hopewellian sites, and the Mississippian sites. (Brown, Figure 204).

This pipe gives no origin, but speaks about the Wall culture. The pipe has marks of red, so it may have been painted red at one time. Represents human spirit in relation with god. As the pipe is different I can only guess that this is an expression of a person from within. This as far as I know denotes no special cultural tie. (Brown, Figure 205).

This pipe was found in the Great Lakes, George group of mounds. This is a representation of a frog, or toad. The frog, and toad were eaten as a common food and have an integral meaning regarding day to day life. The author states a pipe like this pipe was found in Virginia. The Mississippian culture extended from Oklahoma to Delaware so it would not be odd to find like art forms in different areas. (Brown, Figure 206).

The Georgia clay style pipes are considered stem less by the author, but the openings are present to facilitate a stem. It could be that the stem was not placed with the Artifact. Stems in the area of Georgia are often passed to family members like wampum belts to the North. These styles of pipes can be found from Arkansas in the West through Mississippi in the East. This denotes a common ceremonial concept of pipe art styles. (Thomas, Figure 42,43).

The clay pipes found at the Jaketown site West Central Mississippi. This site is Poverty Point type-site dating from 1500 BCE to 700 BCE, and represent the lower Mississippian Culture in Louisiana. Style of the ceremonial pipe is diverse showing a stemless style. (Caldwell, Figure G).

This Clay L pipe appears to predate stone as the medium of choice from Hopewell to the gulf area. This pipe was found at the Jaketown Site West Central Mississippi. The pipe is a Poverty Point type dating from 1500 BCE to 700 BCE. (Caldwell, Figure C).

These clay stemless pipes are considered Late Historic clay pipes, or ceramic. The author considers the pipe to be late prehistoric which is a all encompusing term. The L pipes are stemless, but are basically the same as Iroquoian Trumpet pipes. (Brennan, Artifacts of Prehistoric America ). These pipes are Iroquoian Trumpet pipes. They are very close to identical to the pipes that are unidentified above. You can not assume the older pipes are Iroquoian. Many Native American cultures from the Eastern Seaboard to the West use this clay formed pipes. The root from the pipe dispersion has to be considered very old. It is apparent that the root is somewhere in the Eastern Woodlands. (Brennan, Artifacts of Prehistoric America ).

These are examples of Hopewellian platform pipes. These pipes also do not use a stem, but could be considered the predecessor for the T pipe used to day. T pipes are used in about 85% of the Native American Nations in the 21st Century. These pipes date from 200 BCE to about 400 CE. (Brennan, Artifacts of Prehistoric America ).

This Clay pipe is from the Hollywood Mound. The mound is located near Augusta, Richmond County, South Carolina. Sites in the area date back to 4500 BCE, and the area around Augusta was Cherokee land and was seceded 1.5 million acres 1773. Mcleod, Mike, "Augusta Once Was Indian crossroads, research shows". Collection ags_1999 3/100. (Anderson, Figure 70).

Figure 24.

Clay pipe excavated from the Hollywood mound. The area around Augusta was Cherokee land and was seceded 1.5 million acres 1773. Ending Cherokee and Creek rule over the area after 6273 years. (Anderson, Figure 70).

Figure 25.

Excavated from Hollywood Mound. Soapstone PipeIndian mounds4500 CE to 1773 CE. (Anderson, Figure 70).

Figure 26.

Excavated from the Hollywood Mound. (Anderson, Figure 70-71). Clay Pipes. 4500 CE to 1773 CE. (Anderson, Figure 70, 71).

Figure 27.

Excavated from the Hollywood mound. A Clay L Pipe. (Anderson, Figure 70).

Figure 28.

A soapstone pipe excavated from Hollywood Mounds. Eagle effigy.(Anderson, Figure 70-71).

This pipe is from the Lindsley Estates, Tennessee. Earthworks burial mound and is dated as Early to late woodlands era 1000 BCE to 1432 CE. Compliments of Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service. Tallahassee, Florida. By Keel, Bennie C. et al. (Thomas, Figure 45).(Putnam, Figure 40).

This pipe was excavated at Winona, Montgomery County Mississippi. The stone is sandstone. The pipe belongs to the Ballard Collection. This collection represents and example of pipe used at the Winona Mounds complex This complex dates from 800 CEto 1400 CE. (Brown,Figure 190).

Town Creek Mounds North Carolina These pipes are from the Town Creek mound.

Figure 35.

This mound is located the Pee Dee River Valley Mt. Gilead, North Carolina. http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/town/artifacts.htm).

The Perrault affidavit. (Courtsey, Milwaukee Public Museum copy).

This pipe is made of limestone. The pipe illustrates a Winged Serpent. They were sold to the Milwaukee Public Museum. The Museum papers state this selection of pipes is from the Emeral Mound complex, but this identification hinges on the word of Vincent Perrault found in Figure P1. This identification is questionable at best, and must be considered as an assumption. The actual site may never be know. The culture excelled from 2000 BCE to 1600 CE. Few records if any are still record concerning the Selertown Mound complex

Figure 33.

This pipe shows and indication of transformational art with origins possibly Mesoamerican. Pipe is from the Silertown Mound complex. (Brown, Plate), (Brown, Figure 223, 224).

Figure 32.

Bird Effigy, Long Nosed God, or Harpy Eagle. 2000 BCE to 1600 CE. Pipe is from the Silertown Mound Complex.

Figure 34.This pipe is described by the author as a cougar, But the body features illustration of a primate.

Monkey God {Copan} 2000 BCE to 1600CE This pipe is from mound found in Selertown Mound complex, Mississippi by Mr. Vincent Perrault of Natchez. (Courtsey of the Milwaukee Public Museum, Artifact collection papers).

Emerald Mound complex, near Natchez, Mississippi. The Pipe is stone depicting a man kneeling or enemy ready for sacrifice. 1400 to 1600 CE. Mississippian Period. (Coe, Figure 39).

Figure 38.

Emerald Mound complex near Natchez, Mississippi. Temple Mound 1 Dating is 1200 to 1600 CE. Owned by Frank S. Benson and Henry Batterman. (Coe, Figure 40).

Pipe is from Big Mound at Madrid Missouri Eighth Annual Report, 1875. Three pound Pipe with two-stem capability. (Phillips, Figure 7841).

Tremper Mound Pipes were made between 100 BCE and 500 CE. Pipes thought to use Nicotiana Rustica. (Courtesy of Ohio State Historical Society,http://www.ohiokids.org/fkbk/westerville/pages/hopewell/big%20project/tremper_pipes.htm).

Figure 41.

Frog Effigy T Pipe. Tremper Mound 100 BCE and 500 CE. (Courtesy of Ohio State Historical Society,http://www.ohiokids.org/fkbk/westerville/pages/hopewell/big%20project/tremper_pipes.htm).

Figure 42.

Tremper Mound Beaver Effigy T. Pipe.100BCE and 500 CE. (Courtesy of Ohio State Historical Society,http://www.ohiokids.org/fkbk/westerville/pages/hopewell/big%20project/tremper_pipes.htm).

Figure 43.

Tremper Mound Wolf Effigy T Pipe. 100BCE and 500 CE. (Courtesy of Ohio State Historical Society,http://www.ohiokids.org/fkbk/westerville/pages/hopewell/big%20project/tremper_pipes.htm).

This pipe is from the Sunflower Mound in Mayes Place, Yazzo County, Georgia. (Brown, Figure 228)

Great Serpent Mound: Hawk Effigy, 700 to 1000 CE, and Vulture Effigy 1000 to 1100 CE, and Great Serpent mound Complex Map. (Coe, p. 56).

This frog Effigy is from the American Bottom Site. Illinois. The material is flint and clay. (Courtsey of the Illinois State Museum) http://www.museum.state.il.us/cgi-bin/htsearchrel-.

Figure 46.

This pipe is from the BBB Motor Site in Illinois.Material is Flint, and Clay. Birber Figurine, 900 to 1400 CE. (Courtsey of the Illinois State Museum) .

Figure 47.

This Pipe is from the BBB Motor Site in Illinois. The material is Flint and Clay. Keller Figurine. Represents Grandmother Corn. Pipe dates from 900 CE to 1400 CE. (Courtsey of the Illinois State Museum)http://www.museum.state.il.us/cgi-bin/htsearchrel-

Figure 49.

This pipe is the Willoughby Figurine, and it is from the Sponemann Site 2 in Illinois. It represents Grand Mother Corn or Selu as told in Cherokee Creation stories in regard to the ceremonial complex. (Courtsey of the Illinois State Museum)

Figure 50, and 51.

The West Figurine. (Jackson, Color Plate B).

Figure 53.

Willoughby Figurine reconstruction of face and features. (Jackson, Plate 9.7). During this same period in the American Bottom area other artifact were uncovered giving a wonderful twist to the Cahokia Ceremonial Complex. (Courtsey of the Illinois State Museum)

This artifact is from the Vogt Site in Illinois. It Illustrates the sacred eye motif. The bowl what is considered a Chunky Stone. (Courtsey of the Illinois State Museum) )

Figure 55.

These masks also come from the Vogt Site in Illinois, and represent a long nosed Deity figure. The BBB Motor Site ,and other sites like it are now under Illinois State Highway.

Figure 56.

The BBB Motor Site (11-Ms-595). American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, Vol. 6. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Plate 4, p.214. Dating is from 900 CE to 1400 CE. (Courtsey of the Illinois State Museum) http://www.museum.state.il.us/cgi-bin/htsearchrel-

This pipe is from the Lindsley Earthworks. Material is Sandstone. (Putnam, Figure 35).

Figure 60.

This is a map of the Lindsley Earth Works Mounds (Putnam, p. 71).

This pipe were excavated from the Earthworks D=4. The material the pipe is manufactured of is clay. Dohack possibly dates to Late Archaic. (Kelly, Figure B). 1800 BCE to 1000 CE.

Figure 59.

This pipe were excavated from the Dohack D=4. It is made of Clay. (Kelly, Figure A). 1800 BCE to 1000 CE.

These pipes are Effigy Pipes from Naples Illinois. They are soapstone, and date from 300 BCE to 1 AD. (Coe, Figure 7).

Figure 62.

Effigy Pipes from Naples Illinois, 300 BCE to 1 AD. (Coe, Figure g).

Figure 63.

Effigy Pipes from Naples Illinois. 300 BCE to 1 AD. (Coe, Figure 5).

Hopewellian, Ohio 250 BCE to 250 AD. (Dockstader, Figure 46).

Figure 65.

Hopewellian, Indiana, 250 BCE to 250 AD. (Dockstader, Figure,46).

Figure 66.

Temple Mound North Carolina, Steatite Stone, (Dockstader, Figure 47). 1200 to 1600 AD

Duck Pipe, Smith County, Tennessee, Material Gray Steatite. (Thruston, p. 202, Figure 102).

Figure 68.

Bird Pipe, Warren County, Tennessee, Material Green Steatite. (Thruston, p. 202, Figure 103).

Figure 69.

Songbird Pipe, Terry Collection, Anderson County, Tennessee, Fine Steatite. (Thruston, Figure 104).

Figure 70.

Flying Bird Pattern, Terry Collection, Anderson County Tennessee. (Thruston, Figure 105).

Figure 74.

Plowed Up by R.C. Phillips, Hillsboro, Coffee Co.

Figure 75.

Tennessee. Light Greay Steatite. (Thruston, figure 97).

Duck Pipe, found at Attalla, Etowah County Alabama. Smith Farm 1885. (Thruston, figure 98). Knoel Farm, Nashville, Tennessee. Material Catlinite. From the George Wood Collection. (Thruston, figure 99, 100).

Figure 80.

Goose Pipe From Tennessee. (Thruston, Figure 107).

Figure 86.

Chillicothe, Ohio monuments of the Mississippi. (Thruston, Figure 108). 300 BCE to 100 CE

Collection of William Kennedy, Pipe found in Dig where the mortal remains of the occupant are judged to be 8000 years old. (Kroll, p. 236).

Panther, Posey Co. Indiana. BM Guenall Collection. (Covarrubias, Plate XXXIX). 300 BCE to 1 CE

Figure 73.

Hawk effigy, Tremper Mound Ohio. Stone. Classic Hopewellian. (Covarrubias, Plate XXXIX). 200 BCE to 400 CE

3000 BCE to 2000 BCE Tennessee Disc Pipe

Figure 77.

3000 BCE to 2000 BCE, KentuckyDisc Pipe

Image Pipe from Arkansas. (Thomas, Figure 44).

Hopewell Mound Complex, Columbus Ohio Group. Double Headed Goose. (Silverburg, Figure 37). 200 BCE to 400 CE

Figure 81.

This pipe was found in Ohio. As Manatee does only live in Florida it is a good possibility that it is a trade article from Florida. (Silverburg, Figure 13).

Figure 82.

Author describes this as a Toucan, This is a old style Eagle. The pipe was found in Ohio. Please note the bear claw in the end of the pipe with beak. It is clear this pipe is from a member of a prime class likely Bear clan from the claw carved into the pipe. (Silverburg, Figure 19 ).

The revere pipe is an excellent example of a Hopewellian Platform Found at Revere Mass. After Willoughby 1935 carving on the bottom. Woodlands Period. (Covarrubias, p. 254).

Raven Pipe, Mound City, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. 300 BCE to 100 CE

Clay Pipe from Yazoo, Mississippi. Butler Collection No. 1650.(Brown, Figure 200).

Figure 88.

Pottery Pipe, Lake Saint Joseph, Near Vicksburg. Heye Museum No. 4-7276.(Brown, Figure 201)

Figurine using strait pipe. This Figurine is from Colima Mexico. It dates from 100 BCE to 200 CE. Private Collection. (Coe, Figure 14).

Figure Coe2.

Snuffing form, or pipe from Xochipala Guerrero, Mexico. The dating is 1500 to 1200 BCE. (Coe, Figure 15). 1000 CE to 1450 CE. (Thomas, 67).

Lindsley Estates Mound Complex, Tennessee. (Phillips, Figure 41,42).

Figure EMC1. Etowah Mound Complex, Georgia.

Beaver Effigy, Hopewellian, found in Illinois. Dating is 200 BCE to 400 CE. (Shaffer, Figure 11). 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Gorget from Nashville, Tennessee. Many of these gorgets have been found in the mounds located in Tennessee, Georgia at Etowah, and Missouri. Mesoamerican Cosmology, also Circles from Dragon. (Thruston, Figure 230). 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A2.

This gorget was located in Tennessee, but others have been located Kentucky, Virginia, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, a like type found at Etowah suggesting trade relation, or affiliation to Nation. (Thruston, Figure 240). 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A3.

Shell Gorget found at Etowah closely resembles Figure A2. (Dye, Figure 12). 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A4.

Shell gorget found at Etowah Mound. This resembles A2. A3. (Dye, Figure 17).

Figure A5.

This gorget was located in Tennessee, but others have been located Kentucky, Virginia, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. A like type found at Etowah suggesting trade relation. (Dye, Figure 14).1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A6.

Shell Gorget, Etowah Signifies the Woodpecker (Red Headed Normally) With World Tree, Terrestrial, and Celestial Kingdoms represented. (Dye, Figure 57)

Figure A7.

Gorget is from the Mississippi This style is known to be used by Cherokee, Creek and Chickasaw. This Snake representation relates to Mesoamerican styles. (Waring, Figure 4)

Figure A8.

Gorget represents the transformation of man to bird. May also represent Warrior. The gorget was found in the Etowah Mound Complex. This gorget is very similar to A1. A2, A3, and A4. Distribution Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Missouri, and Arkansas. Mountain area - Cherokee. (Dye, Figure 15) 1000 CE to 1450 750 CE to 1300 CE

Figure A9.

Gorget is from the Spiro Complex. Warrior painted for ceremony. Gorget shows the eyes, and ear spool, Mesoamerican influence apparent. In this gorget there are also goggle eye, and amulet mirror. Hair is representing the wing of a bird seen in Mayan art. (Covarrubias, Figure 95).

Figure A10.

This Gorget is from Southeaster Missouri. This gorget does exhibit Mesoamerican art, goggle eyes, ritual sacrifice, Avian Bundle over the head. (Covarrubias, Figure 95).

Figure A11.

Gorget shows weeping eye motif. The gorget also represents bird, or the circles are connected to underwater serpent. The gorget is from the mounds of Tennessee. (Covarrubias, Figure 96). 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A12.

Gorget is from Etowah, and is representative of that class of gorget. (Dye, Figure 17). 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A13.

Gorget is from Etowah, and is representative of that class of gorget. (Dye, Figure 16). 750 CE to 1350 CE

Figure A14.

Shell Gorget, Spiro, Mesoamerica style, capturing Heron. (Dye, Figure 64). 750 CE to 1350 CE

Figure A15.

Gorget is from Spiro. Representations are Mesoamerican. World Tree in Center, Wing headress. Center of the world tree combine cosmology of Cross. 750 CE to 1350 CE. (Thruston, Plate XVII)

Figure A16.

This shell gorget fragment is from Spiro. The detail includes a ear spools, and hair make up. This is indicative of Mesoamerican influence. (Covarrubias, p. 266) 750 CE to 1350 CE

Figure A17.

This gorget is from Spiro. The gorget details the world tree depicting bother celestial by the steam and smoke considered the breath of God, and the circles on the pole for the water dragon is a statement for terrestrial kingdom. (Dye, Figure 64). 750 CEto 1350 CE

Figure A18.

This is a gorget from Spiro. It depicts serpents coiling up to creation. The Olmec X for Celestial kingdom is on the skirt of the right figure. This represents deity. Mosaic headdress. All together is man to god concerned with terrestrial and celestial kingdoms. (Dye, Figure 63).

Figure A19.

Rattle Snake Motif from Rome, Georgia, material shell. (Covarrubias, p. 266) 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A20.

This Gorget is from Etowah, and is found from the Caddoan Mounds to the Delaware. This Uktana is a terrestrial spirit. Winged Serpent. Some call Water Panther and they are incorrect. (Day Collection) 750 CE to 1350 CE

Figure A21.

This Gorget is from Spiro, and represents the different cosmology. It first uses the mirror identified by the hands and then the spirit cross or fire. 750 CE to 1350 CE

Figure A22.

This gorget is from Spiro, and depicts the world tree and the Terrestrial, and celestial kingdom. (Dye, Figure, 60).

Figure A23.

This Gorget is from Tennessee, material incised Shell, and is considered a Swastika Motif. A reference is made here to the four winds of Creation. (Covarrubias p. 267). 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A24.

This symbol represents the creation story of the Cherokee, the water Spider is a spirit of the terrestrial kingdom, and the four circles represent Celestial kingdom and Creation Etowah, material shell. (Thruston, Figure 237).

Figure A25.

Hixon Mound, gorget, Material shell. Depicts the celestial and terrestrial kingdoms. The birds are prayer carriers. (Dye, Figure, 61).

Figure A26.

1000 CE to 1450 CE This symbol represents the creation story of the Cherokee, the water Spider is a spirit of the terrestrial kingdom, and the four circles represent Celestial kingdom and Creation. (Taylor, p. 14). 1200 CE to Post Contact

Figure A28.

This gorget represents the terrestrial kingdom. The gorget was used for divining. Carthage, Alabama. The serpents, and hand eye motif suggest protection (Covarrubias, p.267). Figure A29.

This figure is a hand motif stressing through the representation of Uktana the terrestrial ties. (Waring, Figure 4). Carthage, Alabama

Figure A29a.

This gorget relates directly to the Green Corn Ceremony.The Wood Peckers relate as spirit carriers, and the eight sided star relates to the number of spirits in creation, and the center depicts creation, and fire. Wayne Co. (Dye, Figure 51).

Figure A30.

This gorget relates directly to the terrestrial kingdom, and Uktana. (Taylor, p. 18). 1000 CE to 1400 CE

Figure A31.

Weeping Eye Motif, material Shell. From Etowah Mound Complex the forked eye are though to be that of hawk. The jagged line lightening. (Taylor, p. 17).

Figure A32.

MR. W. D. Buchanan of Nashville, Tennessee discovered this Gorget. Material is Copper. Stone Grave Cemetery on Judge W. F. Cooper's Farm. Date None Given. (Thruston, Figure 232).

Figure A33.

This Gorgets is From Tennessee. The representation is that of the sun, or sacred fire. Material is Shell. (Taylor, p. 15). 200 BCE to 400 CE

Figure A34.

This Gorget as found in Ohio, and is part of the Butler Collection. The Gorget incorporates and engraving of a mound setting, and shows the sacred tomb in the center with shafts of sacred power emanating from within. (Brown, Figure 102). 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A35.

This Gorget represents transformation of man to bird. The Gorget is from Etowah, material shell. Ear spools are present and circle representation for water kingdom is also present. (Taylor, p. 14). Figure A33a.

Mc Mahon Mounds Rattle Snake Motif, shell. Snake is curled up in a striking (Taylor p. 18).

Figure A36.

Gorget from Travelers Rest, Nashville, Tennessee. The Gorget is a shell representation of Green corn using a water kingdom center symbol for Uktana. (Putnam, Figure 3). 750 CE to 1300 CE

Figure A37.

This Gorget is from Spiro. It depicts a center poll with Celestial, and terrestrial kingdoms, and the prayer carriers. (Taylor, p. 23). 1000 CE to 1450 CE

Figure A38, A39. .

These two gorgets one from Tennessee is copper, the gorget from Etowah is Shell, and shows the wide range of the tradition. Spider can be found from the Delaware to Arkansas along the Appalachia. This area is primarily a Cherokee Area. (Shaffer, Plate 21). (Taylor, p. 14).

This Map of the United States and Central America has been altered to show the landmass created by the glacial period. The glacial period lowered ocean levels up to 500 ft. This map show the land mass in relation to Central America, South America, The Gulf of Mexico, and the Easter Seaboard of the United States.( Epenshade, p. 4) .

(Cobbs, p. 32).

Figure 127b.

(Covarrubias, p. 71).